Parapsychology is the scientific and scholarly study of three kinds of unusual events (ESP, mind-matter interaction, and survival), which are associated with human experience. The existence of these phenomena suggest that the strict subjective/objective dichotomy proposed by the old paradigm (see below) may not be quite so clear-cut as once thought. Instead, these phenomena may be part of a spectrum of what is possible, with some events and experiences occasionally falling between purely subjective and purely objective. We call such phenomena “anomalous” because they are difficult to explain within current scientific models.
Parapsychology only studies those anomalies that fall into one of three general categories: ESP, mind-matter interaction (previously known as psychokinesis), and phenomena suggestive of survival after bodily death, including near-death experiences, apparitions, and reincarnation. Most parapsychologists today expect that further research will eventually explain these anomalies in scientific terms, although it is not clear whether they can be fully understood without significant (some might say revolutionary) expansions of the current state of scientific knowledge. Other researchers take the stance that existing scientific models of perception and memory are adequate to explain some or all parapsychological phenomena.
What is not parapsychology?
In spite of what the media often imply, parapsychology is not the study of “anything paranormal” or bizarre. Nor is parapsychology concerned with astrology, UFOs, searching for Bigfoot, the Loch Ness monster, Paganism, Satanism, Vampires, Alchemy, or Witchcraft.
Many scientists have viewed parapsychology with great suspicion because the term has come to be associated with a huge variety of mysterious phenomena, fringe topics, and pseudoscience. Parapsychology is also often linked, again inappropriately, with a broad range of “psychic” entertainers, magicians, and so-called “paranormal investigators” or “paranormalists.” In addition, some self-proclaimed “psychic practitioners” call themselves parapsychologists, but that is not what we do.
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Understanding COSC Validation and Its Importance in Horology
COSC Certification and its Stringent Standards
Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, or the Official Swiss Chronometer Testing Agency, is the authorized Swiss testing agency that verifies the precision and precision of wristwatches. COSC validation is a sign of superior craftsmanship and trustworthiness in timekeeping. Not all watch brands follow COSC validation, such as Hublot, which instead follows to its own strict criteria with movements like the UNICO, attaining similar accuracy.
The Art of Exact Chronometry
The central system of a mechanized watch involves the spring, which supplies energy as it loosens. This mechanism, however, can be prone to external elements that may influence its accuracy. COSC-validated mechanisms undergo strict testing—over 15 days in various circumstances (5 positions, three temperatures)—to ensure their durability and dependability. The tests assess:
Typical daily rate precision between -4 and +6 seconds.
Mean variation, peak variation levels, and effects of thermal changes.
Why COSC Accreditation Is Important
For timepiece aficionados and connoisseurs, a COSC-validated watch isn’t just a piece of technology but a demonstration to enduring quality and precision. It represents a watch that:
Offers exceptional reliability and accuracy.
Ensures assurance of quality across the complete construction of the timepiece.
Is probable to retain its value better, making it a sound investment.
Well-known Chronometer Manufacturers
Several famous manufacturers prioritize COSC accreditation for their timepieces, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Archive and Soul, which showcase COSC-accredited movements equipped with advanced materials like silicon balance springs to enhance resilience and efficiency.
Historic Background and the Development of Chronometers
The idea of the timepiece dates back to the need for exact chronometry for navigational at sea, emphasized by John Harrison’s work in the 18th cent. Since the formal foundation of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres in 1973, the accreditation has become a yardstick for assessing the precision of high-end watches, continuing a tradition of superiority in horology.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-accredited watch is more than an visual choice; it’s a commitment to excellence and precision. For those appreciating precision above all, the COSC validation offers peace of thoughts, guaranteeing that each certified timepiece will perform dependably under various circumstances. Whether for individual satisfaction or as an investment, COSC-accredited timepieces distinguish themselves in the world of horology, bearing on a tradition of careful timekeeping.
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